Changelog

Homepage stat updated: "14 countries with comparable net-cost methodologies" → "14 countries with fiscal-impact estimates (methodologies vary — not directly comparable)". Methodology pages (EN + JP): removed "exclusively on primary official sources" — replaced with accurate statement that academic/institutional sources are used and labelled where primary data is unavailable. Country Explorer intro: same correction. Explorer USA crime: "Lower than native-born (DOJ)" → "No systematic federal cross-tabulation" — matches USA country page. Explorer Belgium: aligned to 13.8% (non-Belgian nationals) to match Demographics page; 36.6% foreign-origin population noted in tooltip.

The FAQ previously stated "No new report since 2005" and "data ends in 2005" while simultaneously citing BRÅ 2021. Corrected: the BRÅ 2021 report (Rapport 2021:1) covers data from 2007–2018. The previous comparable study dates from 2005 (1997–2001 data). No updated report has been published since 2021. Timeline now consistent across all sections of the FAQ and its JSON-LD structured data.

Denmark row: scope corrected from "All immigrants (non-Western)" to "All immigrants and descendants"; figure now shows full breakdown (total −16bn DKK/yr; non-Western −27bn; Western +11bn). Norway row: figure corrected from −410,000 NOK to −4.1 million NOK per person (net present value, 2012 NOK, 2015–2100) for group R3 (asylum seekers and non-European family migration) — the FAQ had the correct source but a value off by a factor of 10.

Corrected mojibake encoding in 5 EN country pages: ü/å/ø/ç/ô/à/Å/Ø characters were stored as invalid byte sequences (C2 A5 C2 XX pattern instead of correct C3 XX UTF-8). Also fixed euro sign (€‚¬ → €) and warning emoji corruption in Germany. 52 individual character fixes across 5 files.

Removed Wikipedia citations from Australia EN (post-war immigration section) and Sweden EN (immigration history section). Removed draft phrases from crime page (Finland: "could not be confirmed from primary sources / will be added when available" → factual limitation statement), Germany country page (BMI verification caveat), and Belgium country page (prison population: "not yet extracted / unverified / pending" → "no directly verified figure from a primary source"). Denmark fiscal hero label corrected: −16bn DKK now identified as all immigrants and descendants, with non-Western/Western breakdown shown.

Non-Belgian nationals: 13.8% (Statbel, January 2026 reference date). Foreign-origin population (including naturalised citizens): 36.6%.

BKA 2023 suspect data converted from absolute counts to per-capita rates (suspect rate %). German nationals: 1.46% vs non-German nationals: 5.36% (ratio: 3.7×). Absolute counts are misleading when comparing groups of very different sizes. Per-capita rates reflect individual-level risk.

Netherlands updated from 0% to 13.5% (provisional, CBS 2023). Germany updated from 0% to 25.6% with methodology note clarifying the broader nationality-based definition used by Destatis.

Published FAQ (5 questions), Methodology, Sources list, About, Country Explorer tool, and CSV export on the Comparison Matrix — all in Japanese and English.

Published database covering fiscal impact, employment, education, crime, and demographics for 20 Western countries in Japanese and English. Primary official sources used throughout.